Squalene, a component of human skin oil, contains six carbon–carbon double bonds and is very reactive with ozone. Ambient ozone penetrates indoors and drives indoor air chemistry. This critical review describes the squalene-ozone (SqOz) reaction, or squalene ozonolysis. The inconsistencies observed among approaches compromise the consistency of data sets among regions and through time, highlighting the need for a validated standard operating procedure for spectrophotometric carbonate ion measurements as already available for the other measurable CO2 variables. Overall, the results show that none of the approaches meet the climate goal (± 1 % standard uncertainty) for ocean acidification studies for the whole carbonate ion content range in this study but usually fulfill the weather goal (± 10 % standard uncertainty). This study uses a merged overdetermined CO2 system data set (carbonate ion, pH, and alkalinity) obtained from 2009 to 2020 to assess the differences among the five current approaches of the methodology through an internal consistency analysis and discussing the sources of uncertainty. Although being fast, relatively simple, affordable, and potentially easy to implement in different platforms and facilities for discrete and autonomous observations, its use is not widespread in the ocean acidification community. The spectrophotometric methodology for carbonate ion determination in seawater was first published in 2008 and has been continuously evolving in terms of reagents and formulations.
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